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Waves in Space—Transferring Energy
A different type of wave called an electromagnetic wave carries energy from the Sun to Earth. travel through empty space or through matter and is produced by charged particles that are in motion. An electromagnetic wave is a wave that can
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Forces and Fields An electromagnetic wave is made of two parts—an electric field and a magnetic field. These fields are force fields. A force field enables an object to exert forces on other objects, even though they are not touching.
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Magnetic Fields Just as gravitational field exerts a force on a mass, a magnetic field exerts a force on another magnet and on magnetic materials. Magnetic fields cause other magnets to line up along the direction of the magnetic field.
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Electric Fields A particle that has electric charge, such as a proton or an electron, is surrounded by an electric field. The electric field is a force field that exerts a force on all other charged particles that are in the field.
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Making Electromagnetic Waves
In this figure electrons are flowing in a wire that carries an electric current. As a result, the wire is surrounded by a magnetic field. Electromagnetic waves are produced by moving charged particles, such as electrons, that move back and forth or vibrate.
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Producing Waves As a charged particle vibrates by moving up and down or back and forth, it produces changing electric and magnetic fields that move away from the vibrating charge in many directions.
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Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
Like all waves, an electromagnetic wave has a frequency and a wavelength. All electromagnetic waves travel through space at the same speed—about 300,000 km/s. This speed sometimes is called the speed of light
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Radiant Energy The energy carried by an electromagnetic wave is called radiant energy. The amount of energy that an electromagnetic wave carries is determined by the wave’s frequency. The higher the frequency of the electromagnetic wave, the more energy it has.
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Electromagnetic Waves— Classifying Electromagnetic Waves
The wide range of electromagnetic waves with different frequencies and wavelengths forms the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into different parts.
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Radio Waves Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths longer than about 0.3 m are called radio waves. Radio waves have the lowest frequencies of all the electromagnetic waves and carry the least energy.
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Detecting Radio Waves Radio waves can cause electrons in another piece of metal, such as another antenna to vibrate. As the electrons in the receiving antenna vibrate, they form an alternating current.
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Microwaves Radio waves with wavelengths between about 0.3 m and m are called microwaves. They have a higher frequency and a shorter wavelength than the waves that are used in your home radio. Microwave ovens use microwaves to heat food.
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Infrared Waves Infrared waves have wavelengths between about one thousandth and 0.7 millionths of a meter. The heat you are sensing with your skin when you stand near a fire is from infrared waves.
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Animals and Infrared Waves
Snakes called pit vipers have a pit located between the nostril and the eye that detects infrared waves. These pits help pit vipers hunt at night by detecting the infrared waves their prey emits.
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Visible Light Electromagnetic waves you can detect with your eyes are called visible light. What you see as different colors are electromagnetic waves of different wavelengths. Red light has the longest wavelength (lowest frequency), and blue light has the shortest wavelength (highest frequency).
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Ultraviolet Radiation
Ultraviolet radiation is higher in frequency than visible light and has even shorter wavelengths—between 0.4 millionths of a meter and about ten billionths of a meter. Ultraviolet radiation has higher frequencies than visible light and carries more energy.
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Ultraviolet Radiation
The Sun emits mainly infrared waves and visible light. Only about 8 percent of the electromagnetic waves emitted by the Sun are ultraviolet radiation. Prolonged exposure can cause sunburn or skin damage.
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Beneficial Uses of UV Radiation
A few minutes of exposure each day to ultraviolet radiation from the sun enables your body to produce the vitamin D it needs. Because ultraviolet radiation can kill cells, it is used to disinfect surgical equipment in hospitals. In some chemistry labs, ultraviolet rays are used to sterilize goggles.
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The Ozone Layer Many of the electromagnetic waves arriving at Earth are absorbed in the upper atmosphere by ozone. Ozone is a molecule that has three oxygen atoms and is formed high in the Earth’s atmosphere.
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Satellite Observations
Telescopes in orbit above Earth’s atmosphere can detect the electromagnetic waves that can’t pass through the atmosphere. Three such satellites are the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), the Chandra X-Ray Observatory, and the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO).
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X Rays and Gamma Rays X rays, with an even higher frequency than ultraviolet rays, have enough energy to go right through skin and muscle. Gamma rays have the highest frequency and, therefore, carry the most energy. Gamma rays are the hardest to stop. They are produced by changes in the nuclei of atoms.
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Using Radio Waves Using radio waves for communication has several advantages. For example, radio waves pass through walls and windows easily. Radio waves do not interact with humans, so they are not harmful to people like ultraviolet rays or X rays are.
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Radio Transmission The radio waves broadcast by a station at its assigned frequency are the carrier waves for that station. To carry information on the carrier wave, either the amplitude or the frequency of the carrier wave is changed, or modulated.
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Amplitude Modulation The letters AM in AM radio stand for amplitude modulation, which means that the amplitude of the carrier wave is changed to transmit information.
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Frequency Modulation FM radio works in much the same way as AM radio, but the frequency instead of the amplitude is modulated.
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Telephones A telephone contains a microphone in the mouthpiece that converts a sound wave into an electric signal. The electric signal is carried through a wire to the telephone switching systems. There, the signal might be sent through other wires or be converted into a radio or microwave signal for transmission through the air.
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Remote Phones In a cordless phone, the electrical signal produced by the microphone is transmitted through an antenna in the phone to the base station.
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Remote Phones A cellular phone communicates using radio waves with a base station that can be many kilometers away. The base station uses a cell phone tower to communicate with the cell phone and with other base stations in the cell phone network.
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Satellite Communications
Communication satellites in geosynchronous orbit can relay radio signals from one part of the world to another.
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The Global Positioning System
Satellites also are used as part of the Global Positioning System, or GPS. GPS is used to locate objects on Earth. The system consists of satellites, ground-based stations, and portable GPS units with radio wave receivers.
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