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The electron configuration of an atom is a fundamental concept in chemistry that describes how electrons are distributed within the energy levels and sublevels of an atom. Understanding the electron configuration is crucial as it provides valuable information about an atom’s chemical properties, reactivity, and stability. In this guide, we will explore the step-by-step process of writing the electron configuration of an atom, breaking down the rules and principles that govern this fundamental concept in chemistry. Whether you are a student seeking to deepen your understanding or simply curious about the inner workings of atoms, this guide will serve as a comprehensive resource to help you master the art of writing electron configurations.
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The electron configuration of an atom is a series of numbers representing the electron orbitals. Electron orbitals are regions of space of different shapes surrounding the nucleus of an atom in which electrons are arranged in an orderly manner. Through electron configuration you can quickly determine how many electron orbitals are in an atom, and how many electrons are in each orbital. Once you understand the basic principles of electron configuration, you will be able to write your own electron configuration and be able to do chemistry tests with confidence.
Steps
Determine the number of electrons using the periodic table
- For example, a sodium atom with a charge of +1 will have one electron removed from its base atomic number 11. Therefore, the sodium atom will have a total of 10 electrons.
- The s orbital (any number with the letter “s” behind it in the electron configuration) has only one orbital, and according to the Pauli Exclusion Principle , each orbital can only hold up to 2 electrons, so each s orbital can hold only 2. electrons.
- The p orbital has 3 orbitals, so it can hold up to 6 electrons.
- The d orbital has 5 orbitals, so it can hold up to 10 electrons.
- The f orbital has 7 orbitals, so it can hold up to 14 electrons.
Memorize the order of the names of the orbitals according to the following easy-to-remember sentences: [1] X Research source
S on Strike Use F near the Match of the Wise .For atoms with more electrons, the orbitals continue to be written alphabetically after the letter k, omitting the letters that were used.
- The following example is a simple electron configuration: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 . This configuration shows that there are two electrons in the 1s orbital, two electrons in the 2s orbital, and six electrons in the 2p orbital. 2 + 2 + 6 = 10 electrons (total). This electron configuration is that of an electrically neutral neon atom (neon’s atomic number is 10).
- The electron configuration of an atom with each electron-filled orbital is written as follows: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s2 4d 10 5p 6 6s2 4f 14 5d 10 6p 6 7s 2 5f 14 6d 10 7p 6
- Note that if all the shells are filled, the electron configuration above is that of Og (Oganesson), 118, which is the atom with the highest number on the periodic table – containing all the electron shells known today for with an electrically neutral atom.
- Arrange electrons into orbitals in the above order until there are 20 electrons. The 1s orbital gets two electrons, 2s gets two, 2p gets six, 3s gets two, 3p gets six, and the 4s gets two (2 + 2 + 6 +2 +6 + 2 = 20). Hence the electron configuration of calcium is: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 .
- Note: The energy level changes as the electron shell increases. For example, when you write to the 4th energy level, the subclass 4s is written first, then 3d. After writing the fourth energy level, you will move on to the fifth level and start the layered arrangement again. This happens only after the 3rd energy level.
- The two leftmost columns are atoms with electron configurations ending in s orbitals, the right part of the periodic table are atoms with electron configurations ending in p orbitals, the middle part are atoms ending in orbitals d, and the lower part is the atoms ending in the f orbital.
- For example, when writing the electron configuration of the element chlorine, make the following argument: This atom is in the third row (or “period”) of the periodic table. It is also located in the fifth column of the p-orbital block on the periodic table. Hence the electron configuration will end up being …3p 5 .
- Careful! Subclass d and f orbitals on the periodic table corresponding to energy levels other than their periods. For example, the first row of the d orbital block corresponds to the 3d orbital even though it is period 4, while the first row of the f orbital corresponds to the 4f orbital even though it is period 6.
- To understand this concept, write down the electron configuration of an example. Suppose we need to write the reduced electron configuration of zinc (atomic number 30) through the noble gas configuration. The full electron configuration of zinc is: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 . Note, however, that 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 is the configuration of the noble gas agon. Just replace this part of zinc’s electron symbol with the chemical symbol for agon in square brackets ([Ar]).
- Hence the reduced electron configuration of zinc is [Ar]4s 2 3d 10 .
Using ADOMAH periodic table
- On the ADOMAH Periodic Table, the horizontal rows are groups of elements such as halogens, inert gases, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals etc. The vertical columns correspond to the electron shell and are called “stairs” (diagonals connecting the s, p, d and f blocks) corresponding to the period.
- Helium is arranged next to hydrogen because both have a unique 1s orbital. The period blocks (s,p,d and f) are shown on the right side and the number of electron shells is shown at the base. The names of the elements are written in rectangular boxes numbered from 1 to 120. These numbers are ordinary atomic numbers, representing the total number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom.
- Notice the numbers 1 through 8 at the base of the periodic table. This is the number of electron shells or columns. Do not notice columns with only elements crossed out. For eribi, the remaining columns are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
- Note: The above electron configuration of Er is written in order of increasing number of electron shells. This configuration can also be written in the order of arrangement of electrons in orbitals. Follow the stairs from top to bottom instead of columns when writing columns-blocks: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 12 .
- Cr (…, 3d5, 4s1); Cu (…, 3d10, 4s1); Nb (…, 4d4, 5s1); Mo (…, 4d5, 5s1); Ru (…, 4d7, 5s1); Rh (…, 4d8, 5s1); Pd (…, 4d10, 5s0); Ag (…, 4d10, 5s1); La (…, 5d1, 6s2); Ce (…, 4f1, 5d1, 6s2); GD (…, 4f7, 5d1, 6s2); Au (…, 5d10, 6s1); Ac (…, 6d1, 7s2); Th (…, 6d2, 7s2); Pa (…, 5f2, 6d1, 7s2); U (…, 5f3, 6d1, 7s2); Np (…, 5f4, 6d1, 7s2) and Cm (…, 5f7, 6d1, 7s2).
Advice
- When the atom is ionic, it means that the number of protons is not equal to the number of electrons. The charge of the atom will then be shown in the upper right corner (usually) of that element’s symbol. Thus an antimony atom with a charge of +2 will have an electron configuration of 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 64s2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 1 . Note that 5p 3 is changed to 5p 1 . Be careful that the configuration of an electrically neutral atom ends in any orbital other than s and p . When taking away electrons, you can only take electrons in valence orbitals (s and p orbitals). Thus if a configuration ends at 4s 2 3d 7 , and that atom has a charge of +2, the configuration changes to 4s 0 3d 7 . We see that 3d 7is unchanged , but only the electron in the s orbital has been removed.
- Every atom has a tendency to return to the stable state, and the most stable electron configuration will have enough s and p orbitals (s2 and p6). The noble gases have this electron configuration, which is why they rarely participate in reactions and are on the right side of the periodic table. Hence if a configuration ends at 3p 4 , it only needs two more electrons to become stable (giving away six electrons, including the electron of the s orbital, would require more energy, so giving away four electrons would easier). If a configuration ends at 4d 3 , it only needs to give away three electrons to reach the stable state. Similarly, new subshells that accept half the electrons (s1, p3, d5..) are more stable, for example p4 or p2, but s2 and p6 will be even more stable.
- You can also use the valence electron configuration to write the electron configuration of an element, the final s and p orbitals. So the valence electron configuration of the antimony atom is 5s 2 5p 3 .
- Ions are not like that because they are much more stable. Skip the above two steps of this article and follow the same procedure, depending on where you start and how many or few electrons you have.
- To find the atomic number from its electron configuration, add up all the numbers that follow the letters (s, p, d, and f). This method is only correct if it is a neutral atom, if it is an ion you cannot use this method. Instead you have to add or subtract the number of electrons received or given away.
- The number following the letter must be written in the upper right corner, you must not write it the wrong way when taking the test.
- There are two different ways to write electron configurations. You can write in ascending order of electron shell, or in orbital arrangement of electrons, as shown for the eribium atom.
- There are cases where the electron needs to be “pushed up”. That’s when the orbital is only missing one electron to get half or all of the electrons, then you have to take an electron from the nearest s or p orbital to move it into the orbital in need of that electron.
- We cannot say the “energy level stability” of the new subshell accepts half of the electrons. That’s an oversimplification. The reason for the stability of the energy level of the new subshell receiving “half the number of electrons” is that each orbital has only one single electron, so the electron-electron repulsion is minimized.
This article is co-authored by a team of editors and trained researchers who confirm the accuracy and completeness of the article.
The wikiHow Content Management team carefully monitors the work of editors to ensure that every article is up to a high standard of quality.
This article has been viewed 303,743 times.
The electron configuration of an atom is a series of numbers representing the electron orbitals. Electron orbitals are regions of space of different shapes surrounding the nucleus of an atom in which electrons are arranged in an orderly manner. Through electron configuration you can quickly determine how many electron orbitals are in an atom, and how many electrons are in each orbital. Once you understand the basic principles of electron configuration, you will be able to write your own electron configuration and be able to do chemistry tests with confidence.
In conclusion, writing the electron configuration of an atom is a fundamental skill in understanding the behavior and properties of elements. By using the Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule, and the Pauli exclusion principle, one can determine the distribution of electrons in the various energy levels of an atom. This information is crucial in predicting bonding patterns, chemical reactions, and the overall reactivity of an element. Properly writing the electron configuration also provides insight into an atom’s stability and its position in the periodic table. While the process may seem complex at first, with practice and an understanding of the periodic table, anyone can master the art of writing electron configurations.
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