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Counting numbers is one of the first skills everyone needs to know when learning a new language. Japanese has two sets of numbers to learn: the Chinese character system (Sino-Japanese) and the pure Japanese system (Wago). The pure Japanese system is only used to count up to 10. The kanji system also requires you to add a count particle after the number to indicate the type of thing being counted. [1] X Research Source
Steps
Count to 10 in pure Japanese (Wago)
- Pure Japanese counting doesn’t have a count particle, so it’s easier to use in everyday life, for example when you want to order 1 cup of coffee or 3 servings of sushi.
- One (1) is ひとつ ( hitotsu , pronounced “hee-toh-tsoo”).
- Two (2) is ふたつ ( futatsu , pronounced “foo-tah-tsoo”).
- Three (3) is みっつ ( mittsu , pronounced “mee-tsoo.” Stop a beat between two syllables).
- Four (4) is よっつ ( yottsu , pronounced “yoh-tsoo”).
- Five (5) is いつつ ( itsutsu , pronounced “ee-tsoo-tsoo”).
- There is no number representing zero (0) in pure Japanese counting. If you want to count zero, you must use Kanji in the Chinese character system.
- Six (6) is むっつ ( muttsu , pronounced “moo-tsoo”).
- Seven (7) is ななつ ( nanatsu , pronounced “nah-nah-tsoo”).
- Eight (8) is やっつ ( yattsu , pronounced “yah-tsoo”).
- Nine (9) is ここのつ ( kokonotsu , pronounced “koh-koh-noh-tsoo”).
- Ten (10) is とう ( tou , pronounced “toh”).
- You may have noticed that, aside from 10, all other numbers have the ending sound “tsu” (つ). When reading Kanji, you will know which numbering system is used based on whether the numbers end with this character.
Using the kanji system
- One (1) is 一 ( ichi , pronounced “ee-chee”).
- Two (2) are 二 ( ni , pronounced “nee”).
- The three (3) i are 三 ( san , pronounced “sahn”).
- Four (4) are 四 ( shi , pronounced “shee”). Since the word sounds similar to the Japanese word for “death,” the pronunciation yon is used instead – especially when talking about people.
- Five (5) is 五 ( go , pronounced “goh”).
- Six (6) is 六 ( roku , pronounced “loh-koo”).
- Seven (7) is 七 ( shichi , pronounced “shee-chee”). Since this is also pronounced like shi , like the number four, the pronunciation nana is often used instead.
- Eight (8) is 八 ( hachi , pronounced “hah-chee”).
- Nine (9) is 九 ( kyuu , pronounced “kyoo”).
- Ten (10) is 十 ( juu , pronounced “joo”).
- You can also use pure Japanese Kanji. Just add the character “tsu” (つ) after the kanji. For example, the number 1 would be 一つ. You will read this number as hitotsu , not ichi .
- For example, 31 is 三十一: Three tens and one. You can read it as san juu ichi . 54 is 五十四: Five tens and fours. You will read it as go juu shi .
- For example, 目 means “first.” You will read as ichi me (pronounced “ee-chee meh”).
- Count similarly with larger numbers. For example, 三十一 目 means “thirty-first.” In most cases, however, you’ll be talking about something 31st, such as someone’s 31st or 31st birthday. To say this, you’ll need a word called a count particle that matches that thing.
Learn basic counting particles
- For example, 九 人 ( kyuu nin , pronounced “kyoo neen”) means “nine people.”
- The first two particles are exceptions. If you want to refer to “one person”, 一 人, you would say hitori (pronounced “hee-tohr-ee”). If you wanted to mean “two people”, 二 人, you would say futari (pronounced “foo-tah-lee”). For all the remaining numbers, you just need to add the word nin to the word count.
- For numbers from 1 to 10, つ is used in the pure Japanese system, not in the kanji system.
- Although this count particle applies to three-dimensional objects, it can also be used for abstract things such as thoughts, opinions, ideas, or reasons.
- Use the particle tsu when you’re ordering something – from a cup of coffee to sushi rolls or concert tickets.
- For example, you can use ko to talk about the age difference between one person and another, but not to talk about a person’s age.
- In general, if you use ko or tsu as an auxiliary, people will understand what you mean.
- For example, 一回 means “once.” However, if you add 目 to it, you get 一回目, which means “first time.”
- Similarly, 四人 means “four people.” When 目 is added, the phrase becomes 四人目, “fourth person.”
Advice
- Since the number “一” can be easily changed to other numbers, more complex kanji are used to refer to money and financial and legal records. [13] X Research Source
- Western and Arabic numbers are often used in horizontal writing, while Kanji characters are used in vertical writing. [14] X Research Source
- If the concept of “assistant” seems confusing and complicated to you, remember that technically all languages use particles. For example, in Vietnamese, you can’t say you have 5 soils – you have to say 5 piles . The only difference in Japanese is that everything has a particle, not just irregular shaped objects. [15] X Research Source
This article is co-authored by a team of editors and trained researchers who confirm the accuracy and completeness of the article.
The wikiHow Content Management team carefully monitors the work of editors to ensure that every article is up to a high standard of quality.
There are 7 references cited in this article that you can see at the bottom of the page.
This article has been viewed 12,804 times.
Counting numbers is one of the first skills everyone needs to know when learning a new language. Japanese has two sets of numbers to learn: the Chinese character system (Sino-Japanese) and the pure Japanese system (Wago). The pure Japanese system is only used to count up to 10. The kanji system also requires you to add a count particle after the number to indicate the type of thing being counted. [1] X Research Source
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