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Footnotes are explanatory notes at the bottom of each page. This type of annotation is very common and useful in providing and quoting information. Often the editor will suggest creating footnotes for cited information to help keep the article’s flow and help clarify the writer’s intentions. Footnotes used with care can be a useful addition to the content, as well as a way to quickly quote.
Steps
Quoted with footnotes
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Cite the source before commenting. A footnote is usually an abridged version of a citation included in the end-of-article or book-end references. Comments are usually recorded last after the body has been completed. So, write your entire body of text, including a list of references, and then fill in footnotes.
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Put a footnote at the end of a sentence. In Microsoft Word, you can open the References section, click on the Footnotes group, and select “Insert Footnote”. The number “1” will appear at the end of the sentence, and this number “1” will also appear in the footer. In the footer, add the information you want.
- The cursor needs to be placed at the end, after the punctuation. The ordinal number of the footnote is outside the sentence, not inside the sentence.
- Look in the help menu for how to add a footnote before proceeding to highlight it if you don’t know which item to use to insert footnotes.
{“smallUrl”:”https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/4/43/Do-Footnotes-Step-3-Version-5.jpg/v4-728px-Do-Footnotes-Step-3- Version-5.jpg”,”bigUrl”:”https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/4/43/Do-Footnotes-Step-3-Version-5.jpg/v4-728px-Do- Footnotes-Step-3-Version-5.jpg”,”smallWidth”:460,”smallHeight”:345,”bigWidth”:728,”bigHeight”:546,”licensing”:”<div class=”mw-parser -output”></div>”}
Cite quotes or references. In the event that you are using footnotes instead of quotations in brackets, footnotes should state the name of the author or editor, title (in italics), editor, translator or editor, edition, name of the series (including serial number or number), place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and page with excerpt.
- Example: Reginaldaily, Timeless wikiHow Examples: Through the Ages (Minneappis: St. Olaf Press, 2010), 115.
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Quote from the internet. The information you need when annotating a web page includes: author or editor, page title (in italics), link and date of extraction.
- Examples: Reginaldaily, Timeless wikiHow Examples, http://www.timelesswikihowexamples.html (accessed July 22, 2011).
{“smallUrl”:”https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/6/64/Do-Footnotes-Step-5-Version-5.jpg/v4-728px-Do-Footnotes-Step-5- Version-5.jpg”,”bigUrl”:”https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/6/64/Do-Footnotes-Step-5-Version-5.jpg/v4-728px-Do- Footnotes-Step-5-Version-5.jpg”,”smallWidth”:460,”smallHeight”:345,”bigWidth”:728,”bigHeight”:546,”licensing”:”<div class=”mw-parser -output”></div>”}
Continue adding footnotes in articles or articles. Go to the passages you quoted and repeat the process. Use the abbreviated form of the reference source for subsequent references to the same source. You need to know the name of the author or editor, a brief title (italicized) and the number cited.
- Whatever style you’re using, using footnotes doesn’t mean you can skip the list of citations in your article or work, even though it’s unnecessary. Get a page titled “Citations” if you’re writing in the MLA (Modern Language Association) Format, or the APA (The American Psychpogical Association) References section. American Psychology)
Clarification with footnotes
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Add footnotes to clarify the source for the reader. Instead of using published information about the source of the footnote, the author often notes “relevant” information in footnotes, often from sources not directly cited. In the novel “Infinite Jest” (roughly translated as Infinite), David Foster Wallace wrote several page-long captions as a satire. With scholarly articles, you need to limit the use of footnotes like this, but this is quite a common practice in memoirs as well as in realistic literary works.
- In scientific articles, footnotes often point to other studies that share the same conclusions but do not directly cite them.
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Write brief. If one of your articles mentions wikiHow articles and you want to make that clear, after the numbering, your footnote might look like this: “The wikiHow examples are used to do this. clear context in cases where a visual example is necessary Reginaldaily, Timeless wikiHow Examples: Through the Ages (Minneappis: St. Olaf Press, 2010), 115.”
{“smallUrl”:”https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/b/be/Do-Footnotes-Step-8-Version-5.jpg/v4-728px-Do-Footnotes-Step-8- Version-5.jpg”,”bigUrl”:”https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/b/be/Do-Footnotes-Step-8-Version-5.jpg/v4-728px-Do- Footnotes-Step-8-Version-5.jpg”,”smallWidth”:460,”smallHeight”:345,”bigWidth”:728,”bigHeight”:546,”licensing”:”<div class=”mw-parser -output”></div>”}
Do not use footnotes rampantly. Long footnotes often distract the reader and break the flow of the text. If you find that you need to include too much information, find a way to include that information in the body of the article, or review the original citation to shorten it.
- In specialized articles, editors will often suggest that you create footnotes with the information in brackets. So pay attention to the sequence and flow of writing and consider whether to include some information in the footnotes.
{“smallUrl”:”https://www.wikihow.com/images_en/thumb/9/92/Do-Footnotes-Step-9-Version-5.jpg/v4-728px-Do-Footnotes-Step-9- Version-5.jpg”,”bigUrl”:”https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/9/92/Do-Footnotes-Step-9-Version-5.jpg/v4-728px-Do- Footnotes-Step-9-Version-5.jpg”,”smallWidth”:460,”smallHeight”:345,”bigWidth”:728,”bigHeight”:546,”licensing”:”<div class=”mw-parser -output”></div>”}
Review footnotes to make sense. Before using footnotes as a reference, ask your editor or instructor about quoting with footnotes. Often the MLA or APA guidelines will instruct you to use parentheses for citation instead of footnotes; conversely, footnotes are used to state additional information or to cite other sources for similar information. Footnotes are used only when necessary
- In Chicago style footnotes are more common and are used instead of quotations in brackets.
Advice
- Before you write, ask your professor or governing body whether you should write in the APA, MLA, or Chicago style. Then be sure to write so that your article and footnotes follow the chosen style guide.
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This article is co-authored by a team of editors and trained researchers who confirm the accuracy and completeness of the article.
The wikiHow Content Management team carefully monitors the work of editors to ensure that every article is up to a high standard of quality.
This article has been viewed 13,776 times.
Footnotes are explanatory notes at the bottom of each page. This type of annotation is very common and useful in providing and quoting information. Often the editor will suggest creating footnotes for cited information to help keep the article’s flow and help clarify the writer’s intentions. Footnotes used with care can be a useful addition to the content, as well as a way to quickly quote.
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