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This article was co-written by Chris M. Matsko, MD. Dr. Matsko is a retired physician with offices in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was awarded the University of Pittsburgh Cornell’s Distinguished Leadership Award. He received his PhD from Temple University School of Medicine in 2007. He holds a Research Diploma from AMWA in 2016 and a Medical Content Writing & Editorial Certificate from the University of Chicago in 2017.
There are 32 references cited in this article which you can view at the bottom of the page.
This article has been viewed 6,274 times.
Kidney stone disease, also known as Renal Lithiasis or nephrolithiasis, occurs when small mineral crystals form in the kidneys. [1] X Source of Study Normally, these crystals will travel from the kidneys to the urinary tract, where they are then expelled in the urine. However, sometimes small crystals will find a way to settle in the kidney, then combine with other small crystals to form kidney stones. [2] X Research Sources Most kidney stones are made up of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate, or both. [3] X Research Source You should see your doctor if you have kidney stones. Your doctor and urologist will tell you what treatments are available. On the other hand, you can also treat kidney stones at home.
Steps
Treatment of Kidney Stones
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Drink plenty of water and other fluids. Drinking plenty of water helps you urinate more, which in turn helps push the kidney stones out. Purified water is the best choice. Drinking plenty of water can remove up to 8 out of 10 kidney stones. [4] X Research Sources Therefore, you should prioritize this method over other methods.
- The American Institute of Medicine recommends that women drink about 9 cups of water (2.2 liters) and men should drink about 13 cups (3 liters) of water per day. [5] X Trusted Source Mayo Clinic Go to Source
- Try to drink enough water so that your urine is light yellow or clear. This is a sign that you are drinking enough fluids. [6] X Research Sources
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Drink lemon juice or cranberry juice. Look for low-sugar drinks or make your own. Lemons and cranberries are high in citric acid, which helps prevent the crystals from increasing in size to form new kidney stones. [7] X Trusted Source University of Wisconsin Health Go to Source[8] X Research Source
- Avoid drinking dark beer. Dark beers contain oxalates, which will contribute to the formation of kidney stones later in life. [9] X Research Source
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Take pain relievers if necessary. Take an NSAID or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. NSAIDs come in different forms: Ibuprofen (especially Motrin is very effective), Naproxen (Aleve) or Aspirin. All of the above are the most commonly used NSAIDs. [10] X Research Source People under 18 years of age should not take Aspirin because it is a causative agent of dangerous Reye’s Syndrome – a disease that causes acute brain damage. [11] X Research Source
- If the kidney stone is large and painful, you may need a strong prescription medication that relieves pain. Your doctor will have a better way of making a diagnosis in this situation.
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Know when to see a doctor. Most kidney stones will be removed if you are patient and drink lots of water. About 15% of kidney stone cases require medical intervention. See a doctor if you: [12] X Research Source
- Frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs). Urinary tract infections can be more serious if you have kidney stones. [13] X Research Source
- Have had a kidney transplant, have a weakened immune system, or only have one kidney.
- Pregnant. Treatment for kidney stones during pregnancy usually depends on the stage of the pregnancy.
- You think a kidney stone is blocking your urinary tract. Signs of urinary tract obstruction include decreased urine flow, nocturia, and unilateral pain. [14] X Research Source
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Take medication or plan a kidney stone removal procedure if the stone is still in the kidney. If the kidney stone doesn’t pass in the urine, you may need to take medicine or take other steps to remove it.
- Shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) is the ideal method for removing kidney stones smaller than 2 cm. However, this method is not suitable for pregnant women because X-rays will be needed to locate the stone and may not work for large stones. [15] X Research Source
- For kidney stones located in the ureters, the doctor may perform a ureteroscopy. In this method, the doctor will insert a very small camera into the ureter to look at the stone, then pass the gabion from the bladder to the ureter to pull the stone out. [16] X Research Source
- For stones that are large (larger than 2 cm) or irregular in shape, your doctor will perform a lithotripsy or percutaneous removal of kidney stones. [17] X Research Source After giving you anesthesia, your surgeon will make a small incision in your back to remove or dissolve the kidney stone. [18] X Research Sources
- If the cause of kidney stones is hypercalciuria (the kidneys produce large amounts of calcium), your doctor may prescribe diuretics, orthophosphates, bisphosphonates, or, rarely, calcium channel blockers. [19] X Research Source
- If you are suffering from Gout, you may be prescribed Allopurip.
Prevention of Kidney Stones
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Avoid consuming sugar, soda and corn syrup. Sugar interferes with the body’s ability to absorb calcium and magnesium, leading to the formation of kidney stones. Fructose, found in table sugar and high-fructose corn syrup, is known to increase the risk of kidney stone formation. [20] X Research Source If you want to maintain a healthy lifestyle and prevent kidney stones, you should try to reduce your sugar consumption.
- Some lemon-flavored sodas, such as 7UP and Sprite, contain high levels of citric acid. While sugary drinks should be avoided, some colorless sodas can help increase your citric acid levels. [21] X Research Source
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Do exercise. Exercise 30 minutes a day. Moderate-intensity exercise has been shown to reduce the risk of kidney stones by 31%. [22] X Research Source
- Try to spend 150 minutes a week doing moderate-intensity aerobics like walking, jogging or gardening. [23] X Trusted Source Mayo Clinic Go to Source
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Limit animal protein consumption to 170 g (or less) per day. Animal protein, especially from red meat, increases the risk of kidney stone formation, especially uric acid stones. [24] X Research Source Each day, consume 170 g or less of animal protein – the size of a palm or deck of cards – to reduce the risk of kidney stones forming. [25] X Trusted Source National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Go to source
- Red meats, organ meats, and seafood contain high levels of purines. Purines increase the body’s ability to produce uric acid and lead to kidney stones. [26] X Research Sources Eggs and fish are also high in purines, although in lesser amounts than red meats and seafood. [27] X Trusted Source National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Go to source
- Consume protein from other food sources such as calcium-rich milk or legumes. Legumes contain fiber and phytate, compounds that help prevent the formation of kidney stones. However, caution should be exercised with soybeans as they are high in oxalates. [28] X Research Sources
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Add enough calcium but avoid using functional foods. Reducing calcium consumption may not seem like a bad idea given the fact that many kidney stones are made up of calcium. However, research shows that a diet too low in calcium also increases the risk of kidney stones. Therefore, it is recommended to eat different dairy products such as milk, yogurt and cheese to meet the body’s daily calcium requirements. [29] X Trusted Source Mayo Clinic Go to Source
- Children 4-8 years old need 1000 mg of calcium per day. Children aged 9-18 need 1300 mg of calcium per day. Adults 19 years of age and older need at least 1000 mg of calcium per day. Women over 50 and men over 70 need 1200 mg of calcium per day. [30] X Research Source
- Unless recommended by your doctor, you should avoid taking calcium supplements. Supplementing calcium from the diet will not cause kidney stones. On the other hand, consuming too much calcium from supplements can increase the risk of kidney stone formation.
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Adopt a “low oxalate” diet. The most common type of kidney stone is formed from calcium oxalate. Therefore, avoiding foods high in oxalates can help prevent kidney stones in the future. Limit oxalate consumption to 40-50 mg per day. [31] X Research Source
- Eat foods containing oxalates at the same time as foods containing calcium. Oxalate and calcium are more likely to bind together before traveling to the kidneys, thereby reducing the risk of kidney stones. [32] X Research Source
- Foods high in oxalates (more than 10 mg per serving) include nuts, most berries, wheat, figs, grapes, tangerines, beans, beets, carrots, celery, and eggplant , kale, leeks, olives, okra, peppers, potatoes, spinach, sweet potatoes and zucchini.
- Beverages high in oxalates (over 10 mg per serving) include dark beer, black tea, chocolate drinks, soy drinks, and instant coffee.
- The body can convert large amounts of vitamin C – for example vitamin C from supplements – into oxalates. Unless recommended by your doctor, you should avoid taking vitamin C supplements . [33] X Research Source
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Do not fast suddenly. Sudden fasting increases uric acid levels in the blood, thereby increasing the risk of kidney stones. High-protein diets, such as the Atkins diet, especially affect the kidneys. Therefore, you should not apply this diet. [34] X Research Source
- In general, a healthy, balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and limited lean protein will help keep you healthy and prevent kidney stones.
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Be especially vigilant if you have a history of kidney stones. According to research, about half of patients with kidney stones will have a relapse within the first 7 years. [35] X Research Sources Therefore, precautions should be taken if you have had kidney stones before to avoid the risk of recurrence.
Advice
- Eat healthy and stick to your diet. Establish a diet that includes vitamins and other nutrients, and avoid fast food and foods high in saturated fat.
- There is little or no scientific evidence that “natural” ingredients such as dandelion, apple cider vinegar, rosehip, and asparagus are helpful in treating kidney stones. [36] X Research Source “Natural treatments for kidney stones,” Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health, 2012[37] X Research Source
Warning
- Don’t hold back from urinating just because you’re afraid of pain. Urinating is important in helping to get rid of kidney stones.
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This article was co-written by Chris M. Matsko, MD. Dr. Matsko is a retired physician with offices in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was awarded the University of Pittsburgh Cornell’s Distinguished Leadership Award. He received his PhD from Temple University School of Medicine in 2007. He holds a Research Diploma from AMWA in 2016 and a Medical Content Writing & Editorial Certificate from the University of Chicago in 2017.
There are 32 references cited in this article which you can view at the bottom of the page.
This article has been viewed 6,274 times.
Kidney stone disease, also known as Renal Lithiasis or nephrolithiasis, occurs when small mineral crystals form in the kidneys. [1] X Source of Study Normally, these crystals will travel from the kidneys to the urinary tract, where they are then expelled in the urine. However, sometimes small crystals will find a way to settle in the kidney, then combine with other small crystals to form kidney stones. [2] X Research Sources Most kidney stones are made up of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate, or both. [3] X Research Source You should see your doctor if you have kidney stones. Your doctor and urologist will tell you what treatments are available. On the other hand, you can also treat kidney stones at home.
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