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This article was co-written by Matt Bowman. Matt Bowman is a gardener and owner of the Tradition Company in Atlanta, Georgia. Since 2006, Tradition Company provides car wash, lawn care, property maintenance, housework service, firewood and Christmas tree delivery. With over 20 years of horticultural experience, Matt specializes in organic vegetables and general gardening techniques. He holds a bachelor’s degree in journalism from the University of Georgia.
There are 21 references cited in this article that you can view at the bottom of the page.
This article has been viewed 8,698 times.
Elms are one of the most popular trees, ideal for shade in gardens and along streets. Elm trees are present all over the world in many different varieties. There are more than 30 species of elm, but most of them share the same characteristics: green leaves with serrated margins and turn yellow in autumn; gray-brown bark with deep grooves; Plants with a similar shape to a vase are easy to distinguish from other plants. Sadly, the emergence of Dutch elm disease is threatening many old elm trees, but it is also a defining feature of elms.
Steps
Identification of elm trees with basic characteristics
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Observe the leaves. Elm leaves grow alternately along both sides of the stem. Leaves are oval and pointed at the tip. The leaf margins are serrated, with prominent veins on the leaf surface. The base of the leaves is a bit asymmetrical. [1] X Research Source The leaves of some elm varieties have smooth upper surface and rough lower surface. [2] X Trusted Source Iowa State University Extension and Outreach Go to Source
- American elm leaves are usually about 10-15 cm long.
- English elm leaves are usually about 10 cm long and 7 cm wide, with 10-12 veins. [3] X Research Sources
- European white elm leaves usually have up to 17 veins on the upper side and 14 veins on the underside. [4] X Research Sources
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Look at the bark. Elm bark is rough and rough with many intersecting grooves, light gray to dark gray brown. The bark has deep grooves. [5] X Research Sources
- The Siberian elm is an exception with its flaky blue or orange bark.
- Unlike most other species, the bark of the European white elm remains smooth even at maturity. [6] X Research Sources
- Cedar elm has a lighter lilac gray bark than most other elm varieties.
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Consider the height and width of the tree. Mature elm trees can reach a height of about 35 m, with a trunk diameter of about 175 cm. Depending on the species or cultivar, the width of the canopy can reach 9-18 m. Many species of American elm grow even larger, some reaching up to 39 meters tall, and reaching 37 meters across.
- Elm trees are often shaped like a vase or fountain. [7] X Research Sources
- Elms are usually deciduous, and they typically grow 0.5 to 1 meter per year, depending on their location.
- If you want to estimate the height of a tree, use a tape measure to measure the diameter of the trunk. Every 0.3 m in diameter is equivalent to 8 years old.
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Observe the tree trunk. The elm trunk is usually branched. [8] X Source of Study The trunk can be divided into two or more branches that grow high and extend away from the main stem. [9] X Research Source If you see a tree with only one trunk standing upright, it is not an elm. [10] X Research Source
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Consider where the plants grow. You can use the tree’s habitat factor to determine if it’s an elm. Different varieties of elm grow in different places. For example, the American elm is abundant in the eastern half of the United States, from the Rocky Mountains eastward. [11] X Source of Study This plant is rarer west of the Rocky Mountains, although it can also be found in California.
- Siberian elm (also known as Asiatic elm, Lacebark, or Chinese elm) is common in Central Asia, Mongolia, Siberia, India, and Korea).
- European elm grows widely in Europe. Before Dutch elm disease appeared, English elms were also present throughout Europe, but now they only grow mainly in Portugal, France, Spain and England.
- If you know an area where elm trees are abundant and find one that matches the description of the elm tree, it’s probably an elm. Look for areas where elm is likely to grow.
- Elm is adapted to a wide range of climates and soil conditions, including nutrient-poor soils and soils with mild salinity, extreme cold, polluted air, and arid climates. [12] X Research Sources However, in general, elms prefer areas with full or partial sun, moist but well-drained soil.
Take a closer look at the tree
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Identify animals that are attracted to elms. Many species of mammals, birds and insects share the same ecosystem as the elm. For example, the American elm attracts birds and mammals (rats, squirrels, and opossums) to feed on the tree buds. [13] X Research Source Deer and rabbits also chew on the bark and twigs of smaller trees. [14] X Research Source If you see animals and insects hanging around the tree, it’s probably an elm.
- Caterpillars can also nibble on leaves.
- Woodpeckers, raccoons, squirrels and larks also often live on elms.
- Slippery elms attract birds to eat the tree’s fruit and shoots. [15] X Research Source
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Notice the emergent roots. The elm stump is firmly supported with a shallow, emergent and spreading root system. The bark of the roots has the same texture and color as the bark on the stem. Although young elms do not yet have floating roots, you should still pay attention to the roots that grow above the ground.
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Watch for diseased plants. Elm trees are often infected with Dutch elm disease. As the name suggests, the disease only affects elm trees, so if you see a tree showing symptoms of Dutch elm disease, you can tell it’s an elm. The symptoms of this disease are as follows: [16] X Research Source
- Leaves are dead but haven’t left the tree yet
- Leaves yellow or change color in fall or spring
- Wilted leaves and young shoots appear simultaneously
Identify seasonal changes associated with elms
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Observe the flowers of the tree. Depending on the species, the elm may or may not flower in the spring. European white elm usually blooms with small purple flowers in early spring. [17] X Research Source Mountain elm also had similar purple-red flowers and bloomed at the same time. [18] X Research Sources
- The Caucasian elm has small green flowers that appear in spring. [19] X Research Source
- English elm blooms in clusters of small red flowers in early spring. [20] X Research Source
- The elm’s flowers can be hidden under the leaves if the leaves have grown, so look closely before determining if it’s an elm.
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Look at the seeds of the elm tree. The elm seeds that form and fall off in the spring, shortly after the tree blooms, have a distinctive shape. Seeds are round, flat, covered in a paper-like shell, which is hooked at the top.
- Most varieties of elm have single seeds about the size of a pea.
- Elm tree seeds are enclosed in a thin, ovate, green, wing-like shell called a winged fruit. [21] X Research Sources[22] X Research Sources
- When ripe, elm seeds change color from green to golden brown like hay.
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Observe the elm in the fall. Consider the elm in the fall when the leaves are changing color. In the fall, the leaves of many elms turn a bright yellow, sometimes with a golden purple. For example, the mountain elm and the English elm are famous for their bright yellow color in autumn. [23] X Research Source The leaves that usually cover the flowers have remained on the tree since late summer, so you should examine it carefully before determining if it is an elm.
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Consider trees in winter. Elms are deciduous, which means they shed their leaves once a year, starting in the fall. [24] X Research Source When winter comes, the leaves of this tree will fall and regrow in the spring. If you notice this pattern, it’s possible that the tree you’re looking at is an elm.
Advice
- Elm trees are susceptible to a number of diseases, including Dutch elm disease. This is a disease caused by fungi and spread by insects. You can identify diseased elm by observing the yellowing of young shoots and leaves, large patches of dead leaves, or yellowing when the leaves are still young without the seasonal color change.
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This article was co-written by Matt Bowman. Matt Bowman is a gardener and owner of the Tradition Company in Atlanta, Georgia. Since 2006, Tradition Company provides car wash, lawn care, property maintenance, housework service, firewood and Christmas tree delivery. With over 20 years of horticultural experience, Matt specializes in organic vegetables and general gardening techniques. He holds a bachelor’s degree in journalism from the University of Georgia.
There are 21 references cited in this article that you can view at the bottom of the page.
This article has been viewed 8,698 times.
Elms are one of the most popular trees, ideal for shade in gardens and along streets. Elm trees are present all over the world in many different varieties. There are more than 30 species of elm, but most of them share the same characteristics: green leaves with serrated margins and turn yellow in autumn; gray-brown bark with deep grooves; Plants with a similar shape to a vase are easy to distinguish from other plants. Sadly, the emergence of Dutch elm disease is threatening many old elm trees, but it is also a defining feature of elms.
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